Tumors and cancers

Tumors and cancers in gynecology

In gynecological practice, we distinguish between benign and malignant tumors. Tumor is a general term for any growth, while cancer refers to malignant tumors capable of spreading (metastasizing). Early diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment.

Most common benign tumors

• Uterine fibroids — the most common benign tumors in women, occurring in 20–40% of reproductive-age women
• Ovarian cysts — functional or organic, most resolve spontaneously
• Endometrial polyps — growths of the uterine lining that can cause bleeding
• Breast fibroadenomas — firm, mobile lumps in breast tissue

Malignant tumors — gynecological cancers

• Cervical cancer — linked to HPV infection, detected by PAP test and colposcopy
• Endometrial cancer (uterine body) — the most common gynecological malignancy, usually occurring after menopause
• Ovarian cancer — often discovered at advanced stages due to late symptoms
• Vulvar cancer — rare but requires early diagnosis
• Breast cancer — the most common malignancy in women, screening mammography from age 40

Diagnostic approach

• Colposcopy — magnified visualization of the cervix
• Biopsy — tissue sampling for histopathological analysis
• Ultrasound — assessment of tumor size and characteristics
• Tumor markers — CA-125, HE4, AFP in blood
• MRI/CT — staging and disease extent assessment

Prevention of malignant diseases

Regular gynecological exams, PAP tests, HPV vaccination, breast self-examination, and mammography are key to early detection and prevention. Discuss your individual screening plan with your gynecologist.