Biopsy

What is a cervical biopsy?

A cervical biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that takes a tissue sample from the cervix for histopathological (cytological or pathohistological) analysis. It represents the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of premalignant and malignant cervical changes.

When is a biopsy performed?

• Abnormal PAP test — findings of atypical cells (ASC-US, LSIL, HSIL, AGC)
• Pathological colposcopy findings — acetowhite lesions, mosaic, punctation, atypical vessels
• HPV positivity — high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, etc.)
• Visible changes — cervical lesions visible to the naked eye
• Post-treatment follow-up — monitoring after LEEP/conization

Procedure overview

• Colposcopic examination — magnified cervical visualization before biopsy
• Acetic acid application — marking pathological zones
• Tissue sampling — using special forceps (punch biopsy) or curette (endocervical curettage)
• Hemostasis — stopping bleeding with hemostatic agent (Monsel solution)
• Duration — the entire procedure takes 10–15 minutes

After the biopsy — what to expect?

• Light bleeding or brown discharge — normal for 3–5 days
• No tampons or sexual intercourse — minimum 48 hours, or as advised by doctor
• Avoid bath soaking — showering is fine
• Results — histopathological findings are usually ready in 7–14 days
• No intense physical activity — light movement is allowed

Possible biopsy results

Results range from normal findings, through CIN I (mild dysplasia) to CIN II/III (moderate/severe dysplasia) and carcinoma in situ. Based on findings, the gynecologist recommends a plan — from monitoring to LEEP procedure or conization.